The builders of the Forbidden City
The Palace Museum is famous at home and abroad
Such a large building
Even now it's hard
It is so delicate and delicate
So, such a huge project
Who is in charge of the design and construction?
Read on
In Chinese history, there used to be many famous palaces.
Qin Epang Palace, for example, stopped work before it was fixed.
The weiyang palace, for example, was reduced to ruins.
Another example is the palace of chang 'an in tang dynasty, bianliang in song dynasty and dadu in yuan dynasty.
Only the Ming and qing dynasties of the Forbidden City palace, is still intact, towering stand, scenery infinite! The scale and construction of the Forbidden City is truly a rare miracle in the history of architecture.
As the imperial palace of the Ming and qing dynasties, the Palace Museum has been extremely dignified and mysterious for hundreds of years. The imperial palace sits on the central axis of Beijing, where 24 emperors from the Ming and qing dynasties lived, and where many military and national policies were issued over hundreds of years, changing the fate of generations of Chinese people.
There are abundant documents and material objects about the Forbidden City. At that time, the social status of craftsmen was not high. Although there were millions of people in the construction army when it was first built, only a few people left their names. As for the designer, it became a mystery in history. Who is in charge of designing the Forbidden City?
The Forbidden City in Ming dynasty
What a great building!
600 years ago, as a typical wooden structure, the wood was not rotten for hundreds of years.
How did the huge stones weighing over 200 tons get to the capital?
Who do these incredible powers come from?
Although there are abundant documents and materials about the Forbidden City, it is a pity that there is only a lack of information about the architect. At that time, the social status of craftsmen was not high, but only a few names were left. As for who the designer was, it became a historical mystery.
The material was prepared for 11 years
In 1402, zhu di, the king of yan who had been guarding the north, tried his best to seize his nephew emperor jianwen and became the third emperor of the Ming dynasty.
< / p > < p > zhu di soon after his accession to the throne, a wish to revenge for the emperor jianwen doctor king qing dynasty in the court of intent to stab, almost to the life of zhu di. After that, he had nightmares and was not used to the hot and humid weather in nanjing. Hence, a huge project then pulled open prelusive.
Chu sent people across the country to mine valuable wood and stone and then shipped it to Beijing. Preparation alone took 11 years.
Precious nanmu grow in the mountains, people venture into the mountains to pick wood, a lot of people lost their lives. Later generations left "into the mountain a thousand, out of five hundred" to describe the price of life paid by the wood.
It was equally difficult to mine the stone for the palace. Now baohe's biggest piece, danbi stone, weighs more than 200 tons and is mined in fangshan, southwest of Beijing. How did it get to the Forbidden City?
The history books describe the scene when it was transported:
Tens of thousands of laborers dig a well every mile or so on either side of the road, and when the winter months are cold enough, they pour water from the well into an ice channel. It took 28 days to get it to the palace. In addition, but also in suzhou firing for the royal building use of the square brick - brics. Most of these materials were shipped via the grand canal, hence the saying, "first the grand canal, then the city of Beijing".
Yongle 15 years, zhu di began from the south to mobilize a large number of skilled craftsmen, construction, the construction of the palace. The imperial palace was designed and planned in strict accordance with the feudal patriarchal system. The back of the palace group is the neiting, is the emperor family life. "Zuo zu (taimiao) you she (sheji altar)" and the traditional theory of Yin Yang and five elements are also used in the palace building. So who is in charge of designing this magnificent complex?
Quai xiang
According to the most widely circulated theory, the designer of the Forbidden City is a brilliant Ming dynasty craftsman whose surname is quine (" ku xian I "). He was born in hongwu 31 years, died in chenghua 17 years, suzhou wuxian xiangshan people. At that time, there was a xiangshan gang among the craftsmen who came to Beijing. They are often good at carpentry, and there are also outstanding masons, painters, masons, ash masons, sculptors and painters. Kuai xiang is the leader of xiangshan craftsmen.
KuaiXiang
The emperor calls him quine lu ban.
Kuai xiang is very clever. He can draw a design drawing only by a little calculation while building a palace. Kuai xiang's attainments in architecture are highly appraised. The emperor quine lu ban called it every time. Built in 1420, the Forbidden City was destroyed by lightning only nine months later, and it was not until the reign of emperor zhengyi that the imperial court restored it. It is said that kuai xiang is the figure painted under chengtianmen (equivalent to today's tian 'anmen) in a Ming dynasty palace city map now in the collection of the museum of Chinese history.
Kuai xiang later took over at the ministry of works. In his later years, although he resigned from the government, he was always eager to give advice when people asked him about construction projects. There used to be a kuai assistant minister hutong in Beijing, where he is thought to have lived. Kuai xiang's descendants mostly inherited his skill. Until the late qing dynasty, there was a saying that "all skillful carpenters from jiangnan go out to fragrant hills".
The 2nd kind of view: CAI xin
History is a sea of secrets. There are also some doubts about kuai xiang, the designer of the imperial palace. Yu huoyun, a former senior engineer at the Palace Museum's department of ancient architecture, believes that when the young kuai xiang came to Beijing, the construction of the palace was already in full bloom, making it impossible for the design to begin until then. The real designer is the little-known CAI xin.
Li xiaping, a researcher at the ancient construction department of the Palace Museum, also doubts that kuai xiang was less than 20 years old when the Palace Museum was first built in 1417. Kuai xiang's contribution should be mainly reflected in the orthodox reconstruction work. < / p > < p > yu huoyun mentioned CAI xin, is the south of the zhili wujin, the birth date is now unable to verify, but the folk spread of his participation in the Palace Museum design story.
It is said that at that time, zhu di gave the task of building the palace to the ministry of song dynasty shang li. Build a palace to have a drawing first, song li found CAI xin, let him design. Mr Tsai quickly turned in his answer sheet. Song li looked at the design drawing, very satisfied! The new imperial city moved southward slightly compared with the yuan dynasty. The palace, according to the central axis, zuo zuo right, very neat; Also excavated the south China sea, piled up jingshan. The whole design is square, stable, a symbol of the Ming dynasty.
The third way: Yang qing
Another expert suggested that the Palace Museum's designer should be Yang qing. But he left less information, only know that is a bricklayer, it is said that even the name of Yang qing is given by chu.
Other claims: court officials kept watch over decision-making
Still have a person synthesise above a few kinds of view, think when the imperial palace is built at the beginning, CAI xin, Yang qing had very big effect. Since kuai xiang was young and strong, he participated in the design and construction of nanjing palace and was good at calculation and painting. Therefore, the main design and construction work was completed by him, and his status and role were highlighted.
According to researcher li xiaping, the construction of the palace is still under the control of officials of the imperial court.
The imperial palace is a masterpiece of ancient Chinese palace art, and one of the most magnificent palace complexes in the world. A great number of craftsmen and people made great efforts and even sacrificed countless lives. For us today, the Forbidden City is more like a "collective report performance" of architects hundreds of years ago, which is the embodiment of the collective wisdom of the Chinese nation.
So guys, do you believe in miracles?
Pure handcrafted skilled craftsmen, with their hands to create the miracle of art.
A great number of craftsmen and people made great efforts and even sacrificed countless lives. Perhaps you can hear the words of the poet nishikawa: history records only the great deeds of a few people/the speech of others converses into silence.
We believe in miracles all the time, but we don't believe we are the creator of that miracle.
When we encounter something that feels impossible, we tend to magnify the difficulty in our imagination. So some things, not to act, we have given up to admit defeat. Only those who expect miracles will never happen. Only those who create miracles with their own hands can be truly blessed by god.
Like the builders of the Forbidden City 600 years ago.
故宫的建造者们
故宫闻名中外
这样的大型建筑
就是现在也很难
做得如此精美、细致
那么，如此庞大的一项工程
到底是谁来负责设计施工的呢？
且看下去吧
中国历史上，曾经有很多著名的宫殿。
比如秦阿房宫，没修好就停工了。
比如汉未央宫，沦为废墟。
再比如唐长安、宋汴梁、元大都的宫殿，我们今天只能从文献和遗址中略知其踪影了。
只有明清两代的紫禁城宫殿，至今尚保存完整，巍峨屹立，风光无限！紫禁城规模之大、构造之精，简直就是建筑史上的罕见奇迹！
作为明、清两代的皇宫，故宫几百年来一直无比威严和神秘，直到被辟为博物院后，其真实面貌才逐渐向世人公开。故宫雄踞于北京的中轴线上，明、清两代24位皇帝就居住在这里，几百年多少军国大策都由此发出，改变着一代代中国人的命运。
关于故宫的文献与实物异常丰富，可惜的是，独缺建筑设计者的资料。在那个时代，工匠的社会地位不高，虽说初建时有几百万人的建筑大军，留下姓名的却屈指可数，至于设计者是谁，就更成了历史之谜。故宫，到底是由谁来负责设计的呢？
明代的紫禁城
这么伟大的建筑，却是细思极恐！
距今600年，作为典型的木构建筑，这些木头数百年不腐不烂。
那些重达200多吨的巨石是怎么运到京城的？
这些不可思议的力量到底来源于哪些人？
虽然关于故宫的文献与实物异常丰富，可惜的是，独缺建筑设计者的资料。在那个时代，工匠的社会地位不高，留下姓名的却屈指可数，至于设计者是谁，就更成了历史之谜。
材料就准备了11年
1402年，一直镇守北方的燕王朱棣费尽心机，终于夺取了自己侄儿建文帝的天下，当上了大明王朝第三个皇帝。
朱棣登基不久，一心想为建文帝报仇的御史大夫景清在朝堂上意图谋刺，险些要了朱棣的命。这之后，他经常做噩梦，加上又不习惯南京湿热的天气，便强烈怀念起居住多年的根据地北京来。于是，一场浩大的工程于是拉开了序幕。
朱棣先派出人员，奔赴全国各地去开采名贵的木材和石料，然后运送到北京。光是准备工作，就持续了11年。
珍贵的楠木多生长在崇山峻岭里，百姓冒险进山采木，很多人为此丢了性命。后世留下了“入山一千，出山五百”来形容采木所付出的生命代价。
开采修建宫殿的石料，同样艰辛。现在保和殿后那块最大的丹陛石，重200多吨，开采于北京西南的房山，这又是如何运到紫禁城的呢？
史书记载了运送它时的情景：
数万名劳工在道路两旁每隔一里左右掘一口井，到了寒冬腊月气温足够低时，就从井里汲水泼成冰道。用了28天的时间，才送到了宫里。此外，还要在苏州烧制专供皇家建筑使用的方砖——金砖。这些各地的材料大部分经由大运河船运而来，因此才有了“先有大运河，再有北京城”这句俗语。
永乐十五年，朱棣开始从南方调集大量能工巧匠，大兴土木，兴建宫城。故宫是严格按照封建宗法礼制设计规划的，前面三个大殿为外朝，是皇帝处理政务的地方；后面的宫殿群则为内廷，是皇帝家庭生活之所。“左祖(太庙)右社(社稷坛)”和传统的阴阳五行学说，也在故宫建筑中得到运用。那么这片宏伟的建筑群，到底是由谁来负责设计的？
第一种说法：蒯祥
据目前流传最广的说法，故宫的设计者是明代一位杰出的匠师，姓蒯(“kuǎi”)名祥。他生于洪武三十一年，卒于成化十七年，苏州吴县香山人。当时，进京的工匠中有一个香山帮，都是吴县香山人或其门徒。他们往往擅长木工，其中又不乏出色的泥水匠、漆匠、石匠、堆灰匠、雕塑匠、彩绘匠，而蒯祥是香山帮匠人的头领。
蒯祥
皇帝叫他“蒯鲁班”。
蒯祥很聪明，营建宫殿楼阁时，他只需略加计算，便能画出设计图来，待施工完毕后，建筑与图样大小尺寸分毫不差。蒯祥的建筑造诣，得到极高评价，皇帝“每每以蒯鲁班称之”。1420年故宫建成，仅仅9个月后就因雷击而失火，直到正统年间，朝廷才重新修缮，此次负责的仍是蒯祥。现在中国历史博物馆收藏的一幅明代宫城图中，承天门(相当于今天的天安门)下所绘的人物据说就是蒯祥。
蒯祥后来担任了工部左侍郎。到了晚年，虽然辞官归隐，但每当有人向他请教营造工程的问题时，他都非常热心地给予指点。过去北京曾有一条蒯侍郎胡同，据说他就曾在那里住过。蒯祥的后代大多继承了他的技艺，直到晚清，仍有“江南木工巧匠，皆出香山”的说法。
第二种说法：蔡信
历史浩如烟海，湮没了多少秘密。关于蒯祥是故宫设计者之说，也有很多让人怀疑的地方。曾任故宫博物院古建部高级工程师的于倬云先生认为，年纪轻轻的蒯祥进京时，宫殿的修建已是热火朝天的关键时刻，不可能这个时候才开始设计。真正的设计者是名不见经传的蔡信。
故宫博物院古建部的研究员李燮平也质疑说，1417年故宫初建时，蒯祥只有不到20岁，无论从年龄还是资历来看，都难以胜任设计整个工程。蒯祥的贡献应主要体现在正统那次的重建工作。于倬云提到的蔡信，是南直隶武进人，其生辰年月如今已无法考证，但民间流传着他参与故宫设计的故事。
据说，当时朱棣将建造宫殿的任务交给了工部尚书宋礼。建皇宫得先有图纸，宋礼就找到了蔡信，让他设计。蔡信很快交出了答卷。宋礼一看设计图，非常满意！新皇城比元朝时略向南迁；各大宫殿，依中轴线，左祖右社，十分规整；又开凿南海，堆砌景山。整个设计方方正正，稳稳当当，象征大明长治久安。
第三种说法：杨青
另有专家提出，故宫的设计人应该是杨青。但他留下的资料更少，只知道是一名瓦工，据说连杨青这个名字都是朱棣赐的。
其他说法：朝廷官员把关决策
还有人综合以上几种说法，认为在故宫初建时，蔡信、杨青都起了很大作用。但当时二人年事已高，所以在蒯祥进京以后，由于他年轻力壮，参与过南京宫殿的设计与建造，又善于计算和绘画，故而主要的设计与建造工作由他来完成，其地位和作用也就由此凸显出来了。
李燮平研究员认为，宫殿的建造归根到底还是由朝廷官员来把关、决策，无论是蒯祥，还是蔡信、杨青，其实只是负责木、石、绘等具体工种而已。
故宫是中国古代宫殿艺术的集大成之作，也是世界上最宏伟的宫殿建筑群之一。大批工匠、百姓为此付出了极大心血，甚至牺牲了无数人的生命，可惜都湮没无闻了。对于今天的我们来说，故宫更像是几百年前建筑家们的一次“集体汇报演出”，是中华民族集体智慧的体现。
所以各位，你们相信奇迹么？
纯手工制作的能工巧匠们，靠他们的双手创造了艺术的奇迹。
大批工匠、百姓为此付出了极大心血，甚至牺牲了无数人的生命，可惜都湮没无闻了。也许你能听见诗人西川的话：历史仅记录少数人的丰功伟绩/其他人说话汇合为沉默。
我们其实一直都相信奇迹，只是不相信自己是那个奇迹的创造者。
当我们遇到那种感觉上不可能完成的事情的时候，往往把困难在想象中放大。所以有些事情，还没有付出行动，我们已经放弃认输。只是期望出现奇迹的人们是不会发生奇迹的，只有用自己双手创造奇迹的人们，才可能真正受到上天的眷顾。
就像600年前那些故宫的建造者们一样。
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