被中国人误解的古印度

He Xin: Ancient India misunderstood by the Chinese (revised draft)

Original 2017-05-04 He Xin He Xinwen History

He Xin: Ancient India misunderstood by the Chinese

(revised draft)

The Indian region is located in the south of the Himalayas, and is a large peninsula prominent in the south of the Central Asian continent - the South Asian Peninsula.

The Indian region is located in the south of the Himalayas, and is a large peninsula prominent in the south of the Central Asian continent - the South Asian Peninsula. There are now eight countries here: in the north there are three inland mountains of Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, in the middle there are three sea- facing countries of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh; in the southern Indian Ocean there are two island nations: Sri Lanka and the Maldives. As the Himalayas separate South Asia from the rest of Asia, South Asia is geographically a relatively independent unit, so it is also called the South Asian subcontinent.

This region has historically been referred to as India by the Chinese in general and has a close relationship with ancient China. However, since the modern times, the Chinese have misunderstood many of them. India itself has no literary history in ancient times, and there is no systematic history. The history of India known to the modern Chinese is based on the history of the world written by modern Westerners. However, they do not know that the source of historical data on the history of India in the West is historical books and Buddhist scriptures from ancient China.

In ancient times there was only ancient India and no Indian country

An Indian (Indu), in ancient times, was the guide to the Indian sub-continent—India.

India is the name of the region and not the name of a sovereign country. Because in history, India is not a unified country, so there is no fixed country name. Before the British colonized the Greater India region, the political status of the region had always been that of small states and clans. It had never been unified and became the same country.

Indigenously, in history, it was a mixed region with extremely complex ethnic origins. There were white and yellow people (including Mongolians and Han people) and brown people and small black people.

India has never formed a unified culture and nation (and it has never been). So there is no Indian nation.

There has been no unified native language and language since ancient times in India.

So in addition to the dialect, the unified official language of the Indian region today is English entered by British colonialists.

Names from Chinese in India

What's more interesting is that India is not a native of India.

India is the name that the Chinese of the Tang Dynasty gave to India. In ancient Chinese history, India was called India, and it was also known as a body-poisoned, drug-destroying, celestial, celestial, body, cognac, masculine, medlar, Indo-Asian, Integráro, and last-minded, Brahman, Mu胥, Ayetihti, Indravati, and so on.

[The ancient Chinese books on the earliest recorded in India in the Warring States Period in the "Shan Hai Jing": "The country of poisoning, Xuan Yuan's home." Jin Ren Guo Yan Note: "Scorpio country also."]

After the Tang Dynasty, ancient Chinese called India (India) India. This name was later accepted by the world and the Indians themselves. After independence, it had the country name of India.

[India's name is officially named after Tang Xuanxuan's "The Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty." The book describes ancient Indian monks:

"Description of days, known as the dispute, disputes disputes, the old cloud body poison, or Yin Yin beans, now from the sound, Yi Yun India.

The people of India, anywhere in the country, are different from the others. They call it the name of the general public.

In India, Tang made the "month." In the month (in the Indian dialect) there were many names, and Si Qiyi said it. The various groups of people say that the cycle of life is endless, and there is no Secretary Morning in the darkness, and the day of darkness is hidden. Afterwards, there is a shining starlight, such as the bright moonlight! Thanks to Sri Lanka, you can make a good month. With its successors, the good guides all things, such as the moonlight. From righteousness to what is called India.

The Indian caste group is divided into groups, while Brahman is clean. From its nickname, it is passed on to conventions. There is no cloud in the world. It is always called Brahman.

If the domain of its territories is available, the five Indian lands will be more than 90 thousand weeks (referring to the entire South Asian Peninsula). Three seas hang out and the snow-capped mountains on the north (referring to the Himalayas). North Guangnan narrow, shaped like half a month. Draw a wild distinction, more than 70 countries.

It is very hot in summer and wet in many places. Bei Nai Mountain hides and hides, hills dig halogen; East is Kawano Nori Run, 陇陇陇陇. The southern vegetation is Rongmao; Sri Lanka probably also can be exaggerated. 】

Westerners say otherwise. Some Westerners think that the word India is the name of the river of confidence (Vandhi Sindhu, Moon River), and later became the name of India and the Persians and Greece (Asia Minor). It became known as the Indian region.

But the point that must be pointed out is that the mainstream of the Indus does not flow through India. Therefore, the Indus River should actually be called the Sindh River (Sydney and Sindh in Pakistan), the Moon River, or the Pakistani River. It should not be named after India, which has no relation with it, and it should be used as the source of India's national name.

Geography and Rivers in India

The territory of the Indian peninsula can be divided into three topographic areas: North India, the Central Plains, the Deccan Plateau, and South India.

Tang Xuanxuan toured the Indian region and made a division of India. It was divided into East, West, South, North, and Central Five Districts. It was called Five Days and Five Indias. Slightly five days, five days, five seals.

In India, there are three famous rivers: Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra. The Ganges Basin is the hottest spot in India, with temperatures often reaching as high as 49 degrees Celsius in the hot season, and the Brahmaputra River Basin is the world’s most rainy place. With the exception of the Indian desert in the northwest, the entire soil of Indy is fertile.

The name of the Hindu River is Sindhu (Yindu River, Yuehe River). Actually, this river has no relation with India and does not flow through India. It is the river in China's Tibet and Pakistan.

The Indus River - The Moon River is an international river. This big river originated in the Shanxi Province of Gangdese in the Tibetan Plateau of China. It crossed the deep mountain valley of Kashmir to the northwest, and then turned southwards to Pakistan. The river is called the Shiquan River in China. It flows between the Himalayas and the Karakoram Mountains. It flows southwest and runs through the Himalayas. The right bank meets the Kabul River in Afghanistan. The left bank confluences Punjab, Pakistan. The five major tributaries of the place (formation of the Wuhe Plain in Pakistan) eventually entered the Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean) in the southeast of Karachi.

The place of Wuhe is located in today's Pakistan. This place is where the so-called "Ancient Indian civilization" originated. Therefore, the so-called ancient Indian (Indigenous) civilization—the famous ancient Indus civilization—is not in India, but in Pakistan, it is also related to the ancient Stone Age culture in Tibet of China.

The rise of Buddhism is not in South Asia but in the Nepalese region under the Himalayas.

The heyday of Buddhism prevailed in the northern rivers of the Moon River (Indus), including the Kabul River basin in Afghanistan, the Gandhara region in Punjab in Pakistan, the Bihar region in northern India, and the Bihar region in northern India. Western Regions, Tubo, Mongolian Plateau, and parts of Central Asia.

Therefore, in the strict sense, Buddhism did not originate from India, the area known today as South India, and there is no relationship between religion and civilization.

It is Hinduism rather than Buddhism that has been popular in South Asia since ancient times.

There is no unified language in ancient India

There is no unified text, language and culture in ancient India. Some of the tribal languages and texts in ancient India had already been destroyed.

Among the ancient texts of ancient India, the two most important and most famous are Pali and Sanskrit. The reason why these two languages still exist today is based on Buddhist scriptures and Buddhism.

[Pali Pàli-bhàsà (English name pali)]

The text used in ancient sutras is Pali.

[It is said that Pa (li) was originally the meaning of "line" and "norm" (the prototype of the "linear writing") and was later used as the title of Buddhist scripture. The Aboriginal Tuishes called the Sanctuary of the Three Scriptures as "Pali," and the commentary of the Three Tripitakas as Yi Shu. In modern times, the language used by San Zang and annotations was called Pali. ]

The current simulation of Pali, Latin and Chinese

Recent research suggests that the Bahri language may be the mother tongue of a small ethnic group in the Nepalese region, and is also a popular language in the vicinity of the Mt. It is said that Buddha originally used this language to convey the word, so disciples also use this language to remember his teachings.

However, the Pali language has long since died. The original Pali script no longer exists. Only Burmese Buddhist scriptures in Burmese, Cambodia, and Thailand now have Pali scriptures - but they are also recorded in their own alphabets.

Therefore, the pure Pā语文i language has long been lost, and only some indirect translations have been preserved by the Buddhist scriptures.

[Recent Ding Fubao et al.: "The Pali P&amacron;l&imacron;, the Buddhist scriptures of Southern Buddhism, is one of the ancient languages of the ancient South Tianzhu. Compared with the Sanskrit language of the Northern Buddhism, the tone changes little, and the grammar also changes. It is not as simple as it is complicated, and it is very popular language. After entering Silun (Ceylon), the existence of the Dhammakaya that exists nowadays is probably to be remembered in this language. The Southern Buddhists used Pali as an ancient Moga. Tuo (Movadian) language."

Why is it wrong to say that Pali is the southern Hindi language? The Bahri language should be the native language of Sakyamuni in Nepal in the north. Later, with the spread of Hinayana, Buddhism spreads Buddhism to the South and becomes the written language of the Southern Sutra. ]

Sanskrit

Tang Xuanxuan wrote "The Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty," which chronicles the writings of the Northern Indo-China and states: "Read more about the script, the system of Brahma, the original vertical rule, and 47 words." (47 letters). "The king of the Vatican is the ruler at any time, and all the different ways of writing."

Sanskrit (Sanskrit) is the standard language of ancient Indian Brahmanism (Buddhism), popular in North India, it is also known as the language of Tianyi. That is, the languages used in the Vedic, the Brahma, and the Northern Buddhist scriptures.

The Sanskrit language originates from sam!skr!ta. Our country, the Japanese monks are based on the language of Brahma legend, it is called Sanskrit or sage. However, Sanskrit is not the daily language and common language of the people of ancient India.

Sanskrit, also known as the elegant language, is a secret language used by Brahmins and Buddhist monks. In a broad sense, Sanskrit can be divided into Vedic Sanskrit and Classic Sanskrit. The former is the language of the Holy Scripture (Veda) of Brahmanism.

The latter established the Sanskrit alphabet system by Polny (Brahma Pa^n!ini) around the 4th century BC and later became a special written language for the Buddhist scriptures.

[Polny, Vatican name Pa^n!ini. It is also used as a portuguese, Poni, Barni. A grammarian from ancient Pakistan. Jianluoluo (in today's Pakistani region) is a 娑罗睹 Logic (Van S/ala^tura). It is estimated that he was born about 4th to 3rd century BC. According to "The Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty," Volume 2 Jianhe Logistic State: Polny was born and known to be a master. When he was in a simmering state, he wanted to cut down the falsehood and delete the cumbersome. As a result of the teachings, they studied the thoughts, collected the words, and made them into words. This book is very ancient, general language, Wang Jian is a book and cherish, so that the whole country to learn, if there is a passerby, then reward money, so they were taught by teachers and prevailed.

However, the Sanskrit Sanskrit language created by Polny is also different from the subsequent Sanskrit language, which is a type of later dying text. (Refer to Volume 3 of Daci En Temple San Zang Master Biography, "Yoga Master's Theory Volume" VI, "Nan Hai Fai Nei Fa Chuan" Volume 4)]

Vedic Sanskrit gradually evolved into classical Sanskrit through the evolution of the times, and was far away from everyday language. Later Buddhist scriptures such as "Buddhist Buddha-carita", "Great Events" (Fan Mahahastutu), "Benjamin" (Fan Ja^takama^la^) and other Buddhist holy books are all in classical Sanskrit. write.

The Sanskrit alphabet is not the kind of Latinized letters that the Westerners now arrange, but the letters that are close to Tibetan, Mongolian, and Manchu.

Sanskrit Words

In order to distinguish it from the ancient Vedic Sanskrit, the Sanskrit language used in the Buddhist scriptures was called Buddhist Sanskrit. Because the Sanskrit language used in the Buddhist scriptures is not a pure Sanskrit language, it has been mixed with the dialect of Hindi and many other languages, showing a very complex pattern. It is also known as the Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit.

After the 10th century, due to the Islamic invasion, various Indian dialects were developed in modern times. Sanskrit and Buddhism gradually lost their influence in India and became a dead language.

The Sanskrit word was introduced in China with the Buddhist scriptures. "Liang Gaoxuan Biography" volume 1 "An Qing Chuan" said: "So Xuan translated the public scriptures and changed the Vatican (Hu) to be Han." There are many books on Sanskrit in ancient Buddhist circles in China. For example, "Tang-San style writing" (vol.1) was completed by Tang Yuquan. Wen Zong opened in four years (839). It was collected in the 54th volume of the Great Resurrection of Tibet. The content is a comparative arrangement of the Han-Sanskrit vocabulary and there are tantric terms used for hashing. The "Sanskrit" ten volumes (author Po sings), "all the sounds and meanings" (author Xuan Ying, Hui Lin, Xi Lin), "Hua Yan Jing Yin Yi" (author Hui Yuan), "Xi Ji Zi Ji" (author Zhi Guang), "Sanskrit Thousand Characters" (author Yi Jing), "Translation Nominal Set" (author Fa Yun), etc.

In fact, the ancient Indian Sanskrit language has long been lost and was preserved and spread through Chinese Buddhism.

Ancient Civilization

India is not an ancient civilization and there is no unified ancient Indian civilization.

The ancient Yue River (Indus) civilization, dating from about 2,500 BC (or 3,000 BC to the first 2,000 BC), breeds in the Indus Valley, known as the Moon River civilization or the ancient Indus culture.

At that time, water conservancy irrigation, well-planned streets, public baths, brick buildings, drainage systems, etc. were developed, and urban design elements of modern conception were extremely important. From 1921 to 1922, Western archeologists discovered the ancient capitals of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa^, which belonged to this period of civilization.

The people who created this kind of ancient civilization are unknowable. Some people think that it is the Dalropean (?), but it is definitely not an Indian ancestor of today.

It is said that in the second millennium BC, the white people (Aryans) from the Iranian region crossed the Hindu Kush (Hindu Kush) and invaded the basin of the Five Rivers (Van PanPja^b) on the Upper Indus River.

One of them entered the Ganges River and they conquered and enslaved the indigenous people. The Aryans divide the society under their rule into four levels, namely:

(1) Brahman (Vatican bra^hman!a, priest).

(b) Kshatriya (Vatican ks! atriya, royal family).

(d) Sudra (Vatican s/u^dra, slave). In addition, there are other people who are not part of the caste system.

This strict class system restricts the mobility of any class and does not allow intermarriage between the classes. It is called the caste system.

The Aryan religion worships the spirits in nature and is a polytheism called Brahmanism.

The main record of this type of India's ancient history is in the Buddhist scriptures.

By the time of the Buddha, there were 16 countries and more than a hundred small city-states in northern India. Buddhist "Chang Ah" Volume 5 "Khun Sha Sha Su", "Zhong A Ha" Volume 55 "Korean Zhai", "Dai Pi Sha Cha" Volume 224, etc., all have their names detailed.

(Foolish Strange He Xin wrote in 2016)

Ancient India misunderstood by the Chinese 被中国人误解的古印度(修订新稿)

被中国人误解的古印度