Aristotle: Birth of logic

Aristotle developed a method for systematizing all knowledge. He wrote on virtually every subject, including physics, astronomy, meteorology, taxonomy, psychology, biology, ethics, politics, aesthetics, metaphysics, and logic.

At the time Aristotle entered the Academy, Plato-then sixty and in the final period of his philosophical creativity-was involved in the division of ideal forms further and further down until the infinia species, the final unit of division-the indivisible -could be reached. This influenced Aristotle's early work, especially his development of metaphysics and logic. Whereas Plato considered the world of appearances illusory, seeking instead knowledge through pure reason that could be communicated only abstractly, through myths and metaphors such as the cave, Aristotle became convinced that the knowledge acquired through the senses, though not sufficient in itself, was the true path to wisdom.

They continued to disagree about whether reason or experience was primary; as well as about the nature of ideal forms-a debate that would continue into the twentieth century. Under the influence of Pythagoras, Plato's development of ideas was based on geometric forms and the abstract rules of numbers and a love of mathematics, whereas Aristotle's classifications of genera and species led him away from pure mathematics and toward natural science, especially organic biology and the study of physiology.

亚里士多德发展了一种将所有知识系统化的方法。他几乎写过每一门学科，包括物理学、天文学、气象学、分类学、心理学、生物学、伦理学、政治学、美学、形而上学和逻辑学。

在亚里士多德进入学院的时候，柏拉图——当时60岁，也是他的哲学创造力的最后阶段——一直在不断地对理想形态进行划分，直到无限种，也就是不可分割的最终单位——被划分出来。这影响了亚里士多德早期的工作，尤其是他对形而上学和逻辑学的发展。柏拉图认为表象的世界是虚幻的，而是通过纯粹的理性来寻求知识，而这种纯粹的理性只能通过神话和洞穴之类的隐喻来进行抽象的交流。

他们对理性还是经验是最主要的仍有分歧;以及关于理想形式的本质——这一争论将持续到20世纪。在毕达哥拉斯的影响下，柏拉图的思想发展是建立在几何形式、抽象的数字规则和对数学的热爱的基础上的，而亚里士多德对属和种的分类使他从纯数学转向自然科学，尤其是有机生物学和生理学的研究。

Note: then sixty and in the final period of his philosophical creativity and the indivisible are both inserted ingredients, playing an explanatory role. Ideal forms are the "material" of Plato's idea, not the materialistic material or the tangible in the sense of common sense. Plato believed that the nature and shape of things we perceive are derived from ideas.

注：then sixty and in the final period of his philosophical creativity 和 the indivisible 都是插入成分，起说明作用；ideal forms 是柏拉图所谓的理念的“物质” ，不是唯物主义的物质或常识意义上的有形物。柏拉图认为我们感知到的事物的性质、形状都得自理念。