Although he became a medical doctor, he turned his full attention to philosophy after reading Descartes's Meditations and seeing how a method that could accommodate the progress being made in the newly emerging sciences might be worked out. Locke fully agreed with Descartes, however, that the mind and our ideas are better and more directly known than physical objects, which are known only indirectly through our ideas.
In many ways, Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a critical response to, and further development of , the views of Descartes, but taken in the opposite direction from that of Leibniz. Locke attacks the idea of innate knowledge, arguing that all ideas in the mind can be accounted for through experience - either via sensation (mental events derived from the outer senses) or reflection (mental events evoked through introspection). He further differentiates simple ideas like red, cold, and salty from complex compound ideas, put together by the mind, which do not correspond to the real world (like fictional objects). He tries to explain the origin of all our ideas by an analysis of complex ideas into simpler ones. In the first book he paves the way for his account of the nature and origin of the mind and our ideas. The second book begins with a criticism of the commonsense distinction between our perceptions and our ideas.
虽然他成为了一名医生，但在阅读了笛卡尔的《沉思录》之后，他将全部注意力转向了哲学，并研究出一种能够适应新兴科学发展的方法。洛克完全同意笛卡尔的观点，即心灵和我们的思想比物理对象更好，也更直接为人所知，而物理对象只能通过我们的思想间接为人所知。
在很多方面，洛克关于人类理解的文章是对笛卡尔观点的批判回应，也是对笛卡尔观点的进一步发展，但与莱布尼茨的观点背道而驰。洛克抨击了先天知识的观点，认为大脑中的所有想法都可以通过经验来解释——要么是通过感觉(来自外部感官的心理事件)，要么是通过反思(通过内省引发的心理事件)。他进一步将简单的思想，如红色、寒冷、咸，与复杂的复合思想加以区分，这些复杂的复合思想由头脑组合在一起，与现实世界(如虚构的物体)不相符合。他试图通过把复杂的思想分析成简单的思想来解释我们所有思想的起源。在第一本书中，他为他对思想的本质和起源以及我们思想的阐述铺平了道路。第二本书以对我们的感知和想法之间的常识区别的批评开始。
Write an essay within 500 words giving your comments on the proposal of "the separation of powers within a government" put forward by Locke.
写一篇500字以内的短文，对洛克提出的“政府内部权力分立”提出自己的看法。
https://lanfeizi.wixsite.com/english-learning/blog/reasons-for-the-separation-of-power-within-the-government
政府内部的权力分离原因
In this way, Locke constructs one of the most influential political philosophies of all time, in which exactly those propositions usually taken to be most subjective and least certain become the most incontrovertible and best known. What is brewing in such a new and revolutionary philosophy, in part , is the idea that society can be constructed in such a way that its functioning can become an absolute arbiter, not just of justice but of truth and knowledge. A just political system must be constructed so that it reflects and amplifies the natural state of the world. Majority rule, the separation of church and state, the right of a people to change governments, the natural right of a people to…
For instance, the conection constituted by our understanding between the ideas crime and punishment, such as is expressed by the proposition, "Crime deserves punishment," would be valid even if it were the case that no crimes had ever been committed and none ever punished. In other words, existence is not at all involved in universal propositions: "general knowledge lies only in our own thoughts, and consists barely in the contemplation of our own abstract ideas" and their relations.Therefore the truths of ethics, like the truths of mathematics, are both universal and certain, whereas in the natural sciences single observations and experiments are most certain, but not general, and general propositions are only more or less probable. Both the particular experiments…
For Locke, the true inner constitution of objects in terms of their primary qualities is completely unknown to us, and we can deduce nothing from them. Moral ideas, however, like mathematical ideas and their relations, are entirely accessible becasue they are the products of our own voluntary operations.They are not copied from things in themselves but are archetypal for reality and need to confirmation whatsoever from experience.
对于洛克来说，我们完全不知道物体的主要性质的真正内在构成，我们也不能从它们中推断出任何东西。然而，道德观念，就像数学观念及其相互关系一样，是完全可以理解的，因为它们是我们自愿行动的产物。它们本身不是从事物中复制的，而是现实的原型，需要从经验中得到证实。
Both mathematics and ethics, however, belong in the sphere of the demonstrative knowledge of relations. Thus, according to Locke, the principles of ethics are as capable of exact demonstration as those of arithmetic and geometry, although their underlying ideas are more complex, more involved, and hence more exposed to misunderstanding. Furthermore, though lacking the visible symbols of mathematics, these principles should be made explicit through careful and strictly consistent definitions. Moral principles such as "where there is no property there is no injustice," and "no government allows absolute liberty," are as certain as any propositions in Euclid.
然而，数学和伦理学都属于关系论证知识的范畴。因此，洛克认为，伦理学原理与算术和几何原理一样，都能得到精确的证明，尽管它们的基本思想更加复杂、更加复杂，因此也更容易引起误解。此外，这些原则虽然缺乏数学中可见的符号，但应通过仔细和严格一致的定义使之明确。像“没有财产就没有不公义”和“没有政府允许绝对自由”这样的道德原则就像欧几里德的任何命题一样确定无疑。
注：洛克把知识分为三个等级：直觉的知识、论证的知识、感觉的知识。（这完全与昨天我写的 The conditions under which I think most clearly划分的三个类别（无我直觉、推理判断、联系感知）一样啊！）
直觉的知识，指人的理智不借助别的观念为媒介，单凭直觉的方式而获得的知识。如“没有财产就没有不公义”和“没有政府允许绝对自由”等就属于这种知识。论证的知识是人们借助别的观念为媒介而发现的知识，如 “ crime and punishment ” 关系的例子。感觉的知识是一种对外界特殊事物的知识。它不能超过我们感官当下所感到的事物的存在。
洛克认为数学和伦理（道德）以外的，包括物理学和其他各门自然科学方面的知识就属于这种知识。
Note: Locke classifies knowledge into…