Michael Faraday: the messenger of light
迈克尔·法拉第:光明的使者
Faraday had long believed that, since an electric current turns a bar of iron into a bar of magnet, a magnet should in some way produce an electric current.
法拉第长期以来一直相信，由于电流将铁条变成磁铁条，磁铁在某种程度上会产生电流。
Faraday moved a bar magnet within a wire coil and made a little compass needle swing. The swinging meant to him that the moving magnet had caused an electric current to flow in the wire coil.
法拉第在一个线圈里移动了一块磁棒，使一个小罗盘指针摆动。摆动意味着移动的磁铁已经导致电流在线圈中流动。
He had also discovered the answer to a problem that had puzzled great minds, which had a great meaning for power plant today.
他还发现了一个困扰伟大思想的问题的答案，这对今天的发电厂有着重大意义。
Built in 1831, the Faraday disk was the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet (A) created a magnetic field through the disk (D). When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current radially outward from the center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact m, through the external circuit, and back into the center of the disk through the axle.
法拉第圆盘建于1831年，是第一台发电机。马蹄形磁铁（A）通过磁盘（D）产生磁场。当盘被转动时，这就产生了一个从中心向边缘径向向外的电流。电流通过滑动弹簧触点M流出，通过外部电路，然后通过轴流回盘的中心。
1831年法拉第发现当一块磁铁穿过一个闭合线路时，线路内就会有电流产生，这个效应叫电磁感应，产生的电流叫感应电流。一般认为法拉第的电磁感应定律是他的一项最伟大的贡献。
In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet passes through a closed circuit, there will be a current in the circuit. This effect is called electromagnetic induction, and the generated current is called induced current. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is generally regarded as one of his greatest contributions.
1831年10月28日法拉第发明了圆盘发电机，这是法拉第第二项重大的电发明。这个圆盘发电机，结构虽然简单，但它却是人类创造出的第一个发电机。
On October 28, 1831, Faraday invented the disc generator, which was Faraday's second major electric invention. This disc generator, though simple in structure, was the first one ever created by human beings.
我们可以把圆盘看作是由无数根长度等于半径的紫铜辐条组成的，在转动圆盘时，每根辐条都做切割磁力线的运动。当辐条转到OA位置时，辐条和外电路中的电流表恰好构成闭合电路，电路中便有电流产生了。随着圆盘的不断旋转，总有某根辐条到达OA位置，因此外电路中便有了持续不断的电流。
We can think of a disk as consisting of innumerable copper spokes whose length is equal to the radius. When rotating the disk, each spoke moves to cut the magnetic force line. When the spoke moves to the OA position, the spoke and the ammeter in the external circuit just constitute a closed circuit, and the current is generated in the circuit. With the continuous rotation of the disk, there will always be a spoke to reach the OA position, so there will be a continuous current in the external circuit.
当法拉第在英国皇家学会上表演他的发电机时，一位贵夫人问他：“这玩艺有什么用呢？”法拉第非常有礼貌地回答道：“夫人，新生的婴儿又有什么用处呢？”这一绝妙的回答受到大家的交口称赞。
When Faraday performed his generator at the Royal Society of England, a lady asked him, "What's the use of this?" Faraday answered politely, "Madam, what's the use of a new baby?" This wonderful answer was praised by all of you.
使机械能可以转化为电能的科学发现的奠基者是法拉弟。
Faraday was the founder of the scientific discovery that transformed mechanical energy into electrical energy.
为了证实用各种不同办法产生的电在本质上都是一样的，法拉第仔细研究了电解液中的化学现象，1834年总结出法拉第电解定律：电解释放出来的物质总量和通过的电流总量成正比，和那种物质的化学当量成正比。这条定律成为联系物理学和化学的桥梁，也是通向发现电子道路的桥梁。
In order to prove that the electricity produced by various methods is essentially the same, Faraday studied the chemical phenomena in the electrolyte carefully. In 1834, he summed up Faraday's law of electrolysis: the total amount of substances released by electrolysis is proportional to the total amount of current passed through, and is proportional to the chemical equivalent of that substance. This law serves as a bridge between physics and chemistry, as well as a bridge to the discovery of electronic roads.
亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔:无声世界的爱情
Alexander Graham Bell: love in the silent world
In 1875, Bell began to experiment with thin steel reeds. Bell and Watson connected the reeds to an electrical wire.
Speech was not very clear because the earpiece and the mouthpiece were the same device. The person making the telephone call had to speak into the device first and then put it to their ear to hear the reply. Edison invented a separate mouthpiece with a microphone which could make sound louder.
At the age of five, Mabel completely lost her hearing. Bell was determined to waited until he had enough money to support the family. Bell gave Mabel most of his shares in the telephone company. This wedding gift made…
利奥贝克兰:带电的“绝缘体”
Leo baekeland: electrical “insulators”
As early as 1872, German chemist Adolf was studying how to get rid of the residue that collected in the bottom of glassware in which change between phenol and formaldehyde took place.
To Baekeland, the ugly thing was a sign pointing to something great. The new goal for Baekeland was to find some conditions that would produce a more shellac like thing.
With it, he was able to control the formaldehyde-phenol change more skillfully than anyone. After step-by-step heating, Baekeland got a hard, translucent, moldable thing. In a word: plastics.
It was 20th century alchemy. However, Celluloid had been used for many years.
早在1872年，德国化学家阿道夫就在研究如何处理收集在玻璃器皿底部的苯酚和甲醛发生变化的残留物。
对贝克兰来说，丑陋的东西是一个伟大的标志。贝克兰的新目标是找到一些条件来生产更类似虫胶的东西。
有了它，他比任何人都能更巧妙地控制甲醛和苯酚的变化。经过一步一步的加热，贝克兰得到了一个坚硬、半透明、可塑的东西。一句话:塑料。
这是20世纪的炼金术。然而，赛璐珞已经使用了很多年。
Shellac is scraped from the bark of the…
斯蒂芬·霍金:宇宙与生命
Stephen Hawking: the universe and life
Under a spotlight in the center of the dark stage, there was this small, bent physicist, Stephen Hawking. Hawing's speech is about black holes and baby universe.
Strangely enough, he made some efforts in pain and got down to work heart and soul. At last, Hawking changed into one of the world's leading experts on Einstein's relativity theory.
He now is able to move only his eyes and a few fingers. Yet he concentrates on unifying Einstein's relativity theory.
在黑暗舞台中央的聚光灯下，站着一个瘦小弯曲的物理学家，史蒂芬·霍金。Hawing的演讲是关于黑洞和婴儿宇宙的。
奇怪的是，他在痛苦中做出了一些努力，全心全意地投入工作。最后，霍金变成了爱因斯坦相对论的世界领先专家之一。
他现在只能移动他的眼睛和几个手指。然而他专注于统一爱因斯坦的相对论。
Hawking at the White House with President Clinton on 5 March 1998
In 1988, Stephen Hawking, Arthur C. Clarke and Carl Sagan were interviewed in God, the Universe and Everything Else.…
罗伯特胡克:创造时间的人
Robert hooke: the man who made time
Look at your watch, you may think how clever is the little wheel and the hair-spring. These were all invented by Robert Hooke, who is remembered for "Hooke's Law".
His main duty was to set up three or four equipments for the meeting of the distinguished group of scientists.
Micrographia described the first compound microscope, and placed its writer among the most important founders of the microscopic study of biology.
He studied light, crystals, and the craters on the moon. His health did not improve with better living standards. He never married all his life, but only lived with his niece. In 1687, his niece died, and the shock at her death…
阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔:人生的最高勋章
Alfred Nobel: the highest medal of life
Alfred's father opened a factory in Stockholm to make explosive.
He was known as a man who had made money from selling weapons used for killing people. Alfred did not think of himself as a warmonger. He made money all by his own efforts, but he let the world share his money. He gave his money away to those who, like himself, have brought the greatest benefits to mankind. Alfred Nobel has no children to inherit what he has, but he had the whole world to enjoy it He was wronged for a time, but remembered for ever.
阿尔弗雷德的父亲在斯德哥尔摩开了一家制造炸药的工厂。
他以出售杀人武器赚钱而闻名。阿尔弗雷德不认为自己是一个好战分子。他赚钱全靠自己的努力，但他让世界分享他的钱。他把他的钱给了那些像他一样给人类带来最大利益的人。阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔没有孩子来继承他所拥有的一切，但他却享有全世界的快乐。
Nobel Prize
The will of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established the…